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Answer:
A. Examples of laboratory hazards:
In general, there are three types of hazards personnel may encounter while working in laboratories at the NIH. Â
Possible hazards include:
• Biological Hazards – bloodborne pathogens
• Chemical Hazards – carcinogenic, flammable, or corrosive materials
• Physical Hazards – pyrophoric materials, lasers or radiation.
It is possible, even common, for a single laboratory to have types of hazards associated with more than one of Â
these categories at once. Engineering controls should be used as primary barriers, functioning to contain the Â
hazards. Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used in combination with engineering controls to Â
reduce the risk of worker exposure to laboratory hazards. A risk assessment should be used to determine the Â
hazards associated with a particular laboratory or laboratory operation, and establishing which engineering Â
controls should be utilized and what PPE should be selected. Information on how to perform a risk assessment Â
is described in Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 5th Edition. For assistance with Â
performing a risk assessment and selecting proper PPE, please contact your Institute's Safety and Health Â
Specialist, or the Division of Occupational Health and Safety. Â
B. Appropriate laboratory attire, laboratory coats and applicable standards:
While in a laboratory at the NIH for any reason, all personnel must wear appropriate clothing attire that prevents Â
direct contact of materials with the skin. Examples of attire that is appropriate includes long pants or leg Â
coverings and closed toe shoes. In addition, a task appropriate laboratory coat, as determined by a risk Â
assessment, must be worn while performing laboratory operations. Following a thorough risk assessment, Â
guidance to the selection of laboratory coats can be obtained from Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 lists the three types Â
of laboratory hazards and the applicable laboratory coat material standards. Table 2 provides a more detailed Â
description on the application of these standards and examples of laboratory coats that meet these standards. Â
Table 1. Summary of laboratory hazards and applicable test standards
Type of Laboratory Hazard Applicable Test standard
Biological Hazards ASTM F1670 (penetration by synthetic blood) and Â
ASTM F1671 (bloodborne pathogen exposure)
Liquid or Chemical Hazards AATCC Method 42 (resistance to the penetration of Â
water by impact) and ASTM F903 (liquid chemical Â
barrier)
Physical Hazards NFPA 701 or 2112 (flame propagation tests)
The standards listed in Table 2 serve as standardized testing methods to determine protection levels of materials Â
against certain hazardous or hazard surrogates. These standards should be considered when selecting a Â
laboratory coat material when working with the hazards that correspond to the applicable hazard or hazard Â
surrogate tested. These testing methods only test the material and do not test the complete laboratory coat Â
making it important to consider characteristics of the laboratory coat such as seams, stitches and where the Â
openings, snaps or buttons are located when selecting a laboratory coat. A complete description of the Â
standards can be viewed by contacting your Institute's Safety and Health Specialist,
Explanation: